Año de la Fe y 50 años del Concilio Vaticano II / The Year of Faith and 50 years since Vatican II
Parte I: ¿Cuál es su novedad?
El pasado 11 de octubre de 2012, la Iglesia Católica, junto con las Iglesias cristianas históricas, iniciaba –gracias a la iniciativa del Papa Benedicto XVI–, la celebración del Año de la Fe. Su propósito era conmemorar el quincuagésimo aniversario del inicio del Concilio Vaticano II convocado por el Papa Juan XXIII, nacido Angelo Roncalli, declarado beato y modelo para el cristiano por el Papa Juan Pablo II en el año 2000.
El Vaticano II nace bajo el amparo de tres grandes protagonistas:
a. Sin duda, el Papa Juan XXIII, quien con apenas tres meses en su servicio como Obispo de Roma, expresa su deseo, convoca y comienza a trabajar a toda máquina.
b. Un movimiento de renovación eclesial interna que viene gestándose entre las Guerras Mundiales, luego de la I y consolidando al finalizar la II, bajo el pontificado del Papa Pío XII. Este movimiento, del que Juan XXIII fue fiel testigo, reclamaba una presencia renovada de la Iglesia en todos los ámbitos: el universitario-académico, el ecuménico, el pastoral y la sociedad civil.
c. El Espíritu Santo, que jamás cesa de actuar y de trabajar en la Iglesia, como fiel testigo de la presencia perenne de Dios entre nosotros y como fiel promesa de Jesús a sus discípulos.
La convocatoria para el Concilio Vaticano II se emitió el 25 de enero de 1959, significativo día si consideramos la fiesta litúrgica que celebramos: la conversión de San Pablo.
A diferencia de muchos otros concilios, el Vaticano II no nace como respuesta y en reacción a una herejía o apostasía. Al contrario, quiere responder más bien a la necesidad de un aggiornamento de la Iglesia, en las palabras del mismo Juan XXIII. El término se refiere a la renovación, apertura, diálogo, adaptación, hermenéutica consciente y crítica de la Iglesia. Juan XXIII escoge sabiamente este término, utilizando la suavidad de la lengua italiana, y al mismo tiempo el dinamismo que impone el verbo aggiornare, que implica constante movimiento. Así, evitando cualquier referencia a la palabra “reforma”, y con ella cualquier alusión a los acontecimientos vividos en el siglo XVI, Juan XXIII abre, sin duda, una nueva etapa en la historia de la Iglesia Católica y, definitivamente, en la teología cristiana en general, pues el fenómeno del Vaticano II afectó también a las Iglesias históricas cristianas.
¿Cuáles era los objetivos principales del Vaticano II en la mente de Juan XXIII? Según él mismo lo expresa en su alocución de la convocatoria, estos serían dos:
• La apertura de la Iglesia al mundo moderno y a la sociedad, escrutando "los signos de los tiempos", con el objetivo de hacer inteligible el anuncio del Evangelio.
• La unidad de los cristianos o presencia activa de la Iglesia en el ecumenismo.
Un mes antes del inicio del Concilio, Juan XXIII añadió otro objetivo:
• Ser la Iglesia de los pobres, en estricta fidelidad al Evangelio. Esta tesis fue defendida por el Cardenal Lercaro en una de sus intervenciones en el Concilio: "La Iglesia se presenta, como es y como quiere ser, como Iglesia de todos, en particular como la Iglesia de los pobres".
Fue el Cardenal Juan Bautista Montini, sucesor de Juan XXIII y a quien conoceremos como Pablo VI, declarado Venerable por Benedicto XVI el pasado 14 de diciembre de 2012, quien le dió forma y cuerpo a los objetivos de este Concilio. En su intervención en la Asamblea Conciliar, propuso tres metas:
• Profundización de la naturaleza y renovación interna de la Iglesia.
• Diálogo de la Iglesia con el mundo.
• Reunión de los cristianos separados.
Estas tres metas se convirtieron a lo largo del proceso del Concilio, que duró tres años (1962-1965), en los tres motores de reflexión y cuyo resultado vemos en sendos y completos documentos, ya sean “Constituciones” (que implican carácter de ley y por lo tanto obligan), o “Decretos” (que abres el diálogo para la reflexión teológica y el desarrollo pastoral-práctico-jurídico). Así, respectivamente y en relación con las tres propuestas por el Cardenal Montini:
• Constitución dogmática sobre la Iglesia Lumen gentium (documento fundamental del Vaticano II y que desarrollaremos en otro artículo).
• Constitución pastoral Gaudium et spes sobre la Iglesia en el mundo actual (documento e instrumento de reflexión pastoral fundamental que desarrollaremos en otro artículo dada su importancia para toda la Iglesia y, de manera particular, para todos los países del Hemisferio Sur).
• Declaración Unitatis redintegratio sobre el ecumenismo.
El Vaticano II ha legado a la Iglesia Católica y a todos los cristianos un mensaje claro: leer los signos de los tiempos para que desde allí, y a la luz del Espíritu Santo, podamos discernir la presencia o ausencia de Dios y actuar en consecuencia, tal como dos mil años atrás la comunidad apostólica reunida en Jerusalén discernió cómo obrar ante la llegada y la inclusión de los paganos al anuncio de la salvación (Hechos 15). Y aunque han pasado 50 años, el Concilio Vaticano II sigue creando ese aggiornamento del que tanto habló Juan XXIII cuando lo convocó.
En las próximas entregas iremos profundizando en los temas y documentos claves del Vaticano II, qué significado tienen para nosotros hoy y cómo podemos conocer mejor estos documentos gracias al desarrollo de la tecnología.
El P. Alejandro López-Cardinale , un sacerdote de la Arquidiócesis de Caracas, Venezuela, es el Coordinador de Servicios pastorales hispanos de RENEW International.
Part I: What's the Novelty?
On October 11, 2012, thanks to the initiative of Pope Benedict XVI, the Catholic Church together with the historic Christian churches, began the celebration of the Year of Faith, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Second Vatican Council. This council was convened by Pope John XXIII who was declared blessed and a model for all Christians by Pope John Paul II.
Vatican II was born under the protection of three major players:
a. Pope John XXIII, who barely three months after starting his ministry as Bishop of Rome began to work at full steam;
b. An ecclesial internal renewal movement that began brewing after World War I and was gelling by the end of World War II, during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII. This movement, of which John XXIII was a faithful witness, called for a renewed presence of the Church in all areas of society: ecumenical relations, education and academia, as well as pastoral and civil society;
c. The Holy Spirit, who never ceases acting and working in the Church as God’s presence in our midst and as the faithful promise of Jesus to his disciples.
On January 25, 1959, Pope John announced his intention to convene an ecumenical council; the pope chose a significant day since the liturgical feast we celebrate on that date is the conversion of St. Paul.
Unlike many ecumenical councils of the past, Vatican II was not called as a response to a heresy or apostasy. On the contrary, John XXIII said that it was a response to the necessity of an aggiornamento for the Church. The term refers to a renewal, an opening, a dialogue, an adaptation, a conscious hermeneutic and critique of the Church. John XXIII chose this term wisely, utilizing the smoothness of the Italian language while at the same time making use of the dynamism of the verb aggiornare, which implies constant movement. In this manner he avoided any reference to the word "reform" was and, with it, any allusion to the events lived in the 16th century. Without a doubt, John XXIII opened a new era in the history of the Catholic Church and in Christian theology in general, because the phenomenon of Vatican II impacted the historical Christian churches as well.
What were the objectives of Vatican II? As John XXIII expressed in his address during the convocation, there were two:
• The opening of the Church to the modern world and society to scrutinize “the signs of the times” in order to make intelligible the proclamation of the Gospel.
• The unity of all Christians or the active presence of the Church in ecumenism.
A month before the beginning of the council, John XXIII added another objective:
• In strict fidelity to the Gospel, to be the church of the poor. This thesis was defended by Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro in one of his addresses at the council: "The Church presents itself, as it is and as it wants to be, as everyone’s Church, in particular, as the Church of the poor.”
It was Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini (Pope Paul VI), successor to John XIII declared Venerable by Benedict XVI on December 12, 2012, who gave form and substance to these objectives. In an address during the council Paul VI proposed three aims:
• Deepening of the nature and internal renewal of the Church;
• Increasing the dialogue between the Church and the world;
• Reuniting separated Christians with the Catholic Church.
These three goals evolved throughout the process of the council, which lasted three years, 1962-1965, into three engines of reflection whose result we see in three documents. They are at the level of “constitution” (which implies the character of law and therefore obligation) and the level of "decree" (which opens the dialogue for theological, pastoral, practical, and canonical reflection. Thus, respectively, in relation to the three goals proposed by Cardinal Montini, they were:
• The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium;
• The Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World, Gaudium et Spes;.
• The Decree on Ecumenism, Unitatis redintegratio.
Vatican II has bequeathed to the Roman Catholic Church and all Christians a clear message: read the signs of the times so that—from them and in the light of the Holy Spirit—we may discern the presence or absence of God and act accordingly. In a similar way, the Apostolic community in Jerusalem 2,000 years ago discerned, as they proclaimed salvation through Jesus Christ, that God had made no distinction between Jews and Gentiles (Acts 15). And although 50 years have passed, this council, continues to create the aggiornamento that John XXIII announced when he summoned it.
In upcoming installments we will explore more deeply the themes and key documents of Vatican II, their meaning for us today, and how, thanks to the development of technology, we can know them better.
Fr. Alejandro López-Cardinale, a priest of the Archdiocese of Caracas, Venezuela, is Coordinator of RENEW International’s Hispanic Pastoral Services.
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